Local farmers vs. environmental universalism: conflicts over nature conservation in the Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini, Italy

Italy has suffered severe depopulation of its mountains over the past six decades. National and Europeanenvironmental legislation has been aiming to arrest depopulation by promoting local economic developmentas well as nature conservation. Cultural and social struggles remain between managers of the protected areasand local populations. By exploring the conflict in the Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini, a protected area inthe Central Apennines, this work reveals how professional ecologists seem to conceive a universalistic formof possession and management of nature that excludes local traditional uses and knowledge. The needs andexpectations of the local communities are overlooked and the bureaucratized forms of nature protection, inaddition to the continuous, strenuous political negotiations between the park and the local administrations,tend to nourish feelings of disillusion and hostility towards the park. Perhaps, the time has come to affirm aprinciple of democracy of knowledge and the need for a participative political ecology.